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		Research Total cross section measurements for positron scattering from acetone Antonio Zecca, Luca Chiari, Emanuele Trainotti, Anindya Sarkar, Michael J Brunger PMC Physics B 2010, 3:4 (7 October 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Review MHD flow in an insulating rectangular duct under a non-uniform magnetic field René Moreau, Sergey Smolentsev, Sergio Cuevas PMC Physics B 2010, 3:3 (1 October 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Mini-review Commentary on the superconducting and magnetic properties of the ruthenocuprates Piotr W Klamut PMC Physics B 2010, 3:2 (13 July 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Presented in this commentary is a short discussion of the superconducting and magnetic properties of the selected compounds of rutheno-cuprates, with an emphasis given to the RuSr2GdCu2O8 compound.
		Research article Coherently driven degenerate three-level laser with parametric amplifier Tewodros Y Darge, Fesseha Kassahun PMC Physics B 2010, 3:1 (24 March 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We discuss the squeezing and statistical properties of the light produced by a coherently driven degenerate three-level laser with a parametric amplifier.
		Research article Near-threshold electron-impact excitation of argon studied with the time-of-flight technique Subhendu Mondal, Julian Lower, Stephen J Buckman, Robert P McEachran, Gustavo Garcia, Oleg Zatsarinny, Klaus Bartschat PMC Physics B 2009, 2:3 (18 December 2009) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Absolute angle-differential cross-section data are presented for excitation of the 3p54s manifold in argon by electron impact. The investigation focuses on the near-threshold region, where previous studies have revealed persistent disparities between measurements and theoretical predictions.
		Research article He²⁺-He charge transfer collisions using a 27-state close-coupled calculation with a diabatic molecular basis Chanchal Chaudhuri PMC Physics B 2009, 2:2 (9 June 2009) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary A combined detailed analysis and comparison has been carried out to find a connection with the dynamic two-electron correlation picture in charge transfer collision processes which involve sequential/simultaneous two-electron exchange. If electron translation factors are included, the work may open up opportunities to investigate dynamic two-electron correlation effect in charge transfer ion-atom collision processes with benchmark accuracy.
		Research article Electron excitation and energy transfer rates for H₂O in the upper atmosphere Penny Thorn, Laurence Campbell, Michael Brunger PMC Physics B 2009, 2:1 (2 January 2009) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Presented here are calculations of electron energy transfer rates for electronic and vibrational state excitations in H2O, as well as rates for excitation of some of these states by atmospheric thermal and auroral secondary electrons.
		Research article Magnetic modulation in mechanical alloyed Cr_1.4Fe_0.6O₃oxide RN Bhowmik, M Nrisimha Murty, E Sekhar Srinadhu PMC Physics B 2008, 1:20 (29 December 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Cr1.4Fe0.6O3 compound is synthesized through mechanical alloying of Cr2O3 and Fe2O3 powders and subsequent thermal annealing. The XRD spectrum, SEM picture and microanalysis of EDAX spectrum are used to understand the structural evolution in the alloyed compound.
		Research article Upper critical field H_c2in Bechgaard salts (TMTSF)₂PF₆ Ana D Folgueras, Kazumi Maki PMC Physics B 2008, 1:19 (9 December 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary The symmetry of the superconductivity in Bechgaard salts is still unknown, though the triplet pairing has been established by Hc2 and NMR for (TMTSF)2PF6. Here we start with a low energy effective Hamiltonian and study the temperature dependence of the corresponding Hc2(T)'s.
		Research article Mg spin affects adenosinetriphosphate activity Alexander A Tulub PMC Physics B 2008, 1:18 (4 December 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Schlegel-Frisch ab initio molecular dynamics (ADMP) (DFT:B3LYP), T = 310 K, are used to study complexation between adenosinetriphosphate (ATP), ATP subsystem, and magnesium cofactor [Mg(H2O)6]2+, Mg subsystem, in a water pool modeled with 78 water molecules. The computations prove that ATP cleavage is governed by the electron spin of Mg.
		Research article Effect of biased noise fluctuations on the output radiation of coherent beat laser Sintayehu Tesfa PMC Physics B 2008, 1:17 (1 December 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary The effects of biased noise fluctuations on the degree of squeezing and intensity of radiation both inside and outside the cavity of a one-photon coherent beat laser are presented.
		Research article Evolution of structure of SiO₂nanoparticles upon cooling from the melt Nguyen Xuan Huynh, Vo Van Hoang, Hoang Zung PMC Physics B 2008, 1:16 (30 October 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Evolution of structure of spherical SiO2 nanoparticles upon cooling from the melt has been investigated via Molecular Dynamics simulations under non-periodic boundary conditions. Our results show significant temperature dependence of structure of nanoparticles, and we discuss the temperature dependence of the concentration of structural defects.
		Research article Effect of the applied magnetic field on formation of complex polyaniline films Oleg P Dimitriev, Petro M Lytvyn, Alla P Dimitriyeva, Ostap M Getsko PMC Physics B 2008, 1:15 (21 October 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary It has been found that an applied magnetic field affects the interaction of polyaniline chains with paramagnetic metal ion impurities, and induces formation of magnetically ordered regions in contrast to the reference film of the same composition but prepared under ambient conditions. Correlations are found between the distribution of magnetically ordered regions and peculiarities of the surface relief of a film.
		Research article Rectified voltage induced by a microwave field in a confined two-dimensional electron gas with a mesoscopic static vortex D Schmeltzer, Hsuan Chang PMC Physics B 2008, 1:14 (21 October 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We investigate the effect of a microwave field on a confined two dimensional electron gas containing an insulating region comparable to the Fermi wavelength. A Bosonized formulation of the two dimensional gas in the presence of insulating regions allows us to compute the rectified current. The proposed theory may explain experimental results recently reported by J. Zhang et al.
		Research article Ab-initio calculations of spin tunneling through an indirect barrier Athanasios N Chantis, Titus Sandu, Jialei L Xu PMC Physics B 2008, 1:13 (6 June 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We use a fully relativistic layer Green’s functions approach to investigate spin-dependent tunneling through a symmetric indirect band gap barrier like GaAs/AlAs/GaAs heterostructure. Our calculations show clearly that the appearance of energy windows with significant spin polarization depends mostly on the location of transmission resonances and their corresponding zeros and not on the magnitude of the spin splitting in the barrier.
		Research article Electronic structure, linear, nonlinear optical susceptibilities and birefringence of CuInX₂(X = S, Se, Te) chalcopyrite-structure compounds Ali Reshak, S Auluck PMC Physics B 2008, 1:12 (19 May 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We present results for band structure, density of states, and the imaginary part of the frequency-dependent linear and nonlinear optical susceptibilities for CuInX2 (X=S, Se, Te) chalcopyrite-structure single crystals. We find that these crystals are semiconductors with direct band gaps, and have calculated their birefringence and frequency-dependent complex second-order non-linear optical susceptibilities.
		Research article Synthesis, Infra-red, Raman, NMR and structural characterization by X-ray Diffraction of [C₁₂H₁₇N₂]₂CdCl₄and [C₆H₁₀N₂]₂Cd₃Cl₁₀compounds Iskandar Chaabane, Faouzi Hlel, Kamel Guidara PMC Physics B 2008, 1:11 (8 April 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We report on the synthesis, crystal structure and infra-red, Raman and NMR spectra of 2, 4, 4- trimethyl-4, 5- dihydro-3H-benzo[b] [1, 4] diazepin-1-ium tetrachlorocadmate, [C12H17N2]2CdCl4 and benzene-1,2-diaminium decachlorotricadmate(II) [C6H10N2]2Cd3Cl10.
		Research article Fast and accurate simulations of transmission-line metamaterials using transmission-matrix method Hui Ma, Tie Cui, Jessie Chin, Qiang Cheng PMC Physics B 2008, 1:10 (8 April 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Recently, two-dimensional periodically L and C loaded transmission-line (TL) networks have been applied to represent metamaterials. We propose an efficient transmission-matrix method (TMM) to simulate and analyze the TL-network metamaterials, which provides nearly the same simulation results as Agilent's Advanced Design System whilst greatly reducing model-processing and simulation times.
		Research article Zone center phonons of the orthorhombic RMnO₃(R = Pr, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho) perovskites HC Gupta, Upendra Tripathi PMC Physics B 2008, 1:9 (17 March 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary A short range force constant model (SRFCM) has been applied for the first time to investigate the phonons in RMnO3 (R = Pr, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho) perovskites in their orthorhombic phase.
		Research article Optical second harmonic generation in Yttrium Aluminum Borate single crystals (theoretical simulation and experiment) Ali H Reshak, S Auluck, A Majchrowski, IV Kityk PMC Physics B 2008, 1:8 (17 March 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Experimental measurements of the second order susceptibilities for second harmonic generation are reported for YAl3(BO3)4 (YAB) single crystals. First principles calculations within a framework of the fullpotential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method show a large anisotropy of the linear and nonlinear optical susceptibilities.
		Research article Influence of sintering temperature on resistivity, magnetoresistance and thermopower of La_0.67Ca_0.33MnO₃ G Venkataiah, YK Lakshmi, PV Reddy PMC Physics B 2008, 1:7 (12 March 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary A systematic investigation of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 manganites looks at the influence of varying crystallite size (nano meter range) on electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and thermoelectric power. The metal-insulator transition temperatures are found to increase with increasing sintering temperatures, while the magnetic transition temperatures decrease.
		Research article Evidence of phonon-assisted tunnelling in electrical conduction through DNA molecules Povilas Pipinys, Antanas Kiveris PMC Physics B 2008, 1:6 (19 February 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We propose a phonon-assisted tunnelling model for explanation of some of the peculiarities of the dependence of the conductivity of DNA molecules on temperature.
		Research article Interface coupling properties and reflection of bulk spin waves from biaxial multilayer ferromagnetic media Sergey A Reshetnyak, Tat'yana A Homenko PMC Physics B 2008, 1:5 (14 February 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary The reflection coefficient of bulk spin waves from multilayer ferromagnetic structure is calculated with a non-ideal coupling between layers. The proposed model gives the opportunity to consider the quality of interfaces when studying the reflection processes of spin waves in multilayer structures.
		Research article Microwave dielectric spectroscopy of pure and mixed aromatic ester solvents Santiago Aparicio, Rafael Alcalde PMC Physics B 2008, 1:4 (12 February 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary The structure and dynamics of pure and mixed liquid aromatic esters is studied through microwave dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Data are analyzed in terms of the proposed different species present in the fluids and their evolution with composition for mixtures, and with temperature and chain length for pure esters.
		Research article Electron cooling by carbon monoxide in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus Laurence Campbell, Michael J Brunger PMC Physics B 2008, 1:3 (4 February 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Electron cooling, in which free electrons lose energy to vibrational excitation of gases, has been identified as a significant process in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus for electron impact on CO2. In this paper electron cooling rates for CO are calculated and compared with existing rates for CO2.

	All
		Research Total cross section measurements for positron scattering from acetone Antonio Zecca, Luca Chiari, Emanuele Trainotti, Anindya Sarkar, Michael J Brunger PMC Physics B 2010, 3:4 (7 October 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Review MHD flow in an insulating rectangular duct under a non-uniform magnetic field René Moreau, Sergey Smolentsev, Sergio Cuevas PMC Physics B 2010, 3:3 (1 October 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF
		Mini-review Commentary on the superconducting and magnetic properties of the ruthenocuprates Piotr W Klamut PMC Physics B 2010, 3:2 (13 July 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Presented in this commentary is a short discussion of the superconducting and magnetic properties of the selected compounds of rutheno-cuprates, with an emphasis given to the RuSr2GdCu2O8 compound.
		Research article Coherently driven degenerate three-level laser with parametric amplifier Tewodros Y Darge, Fesseha Kassahun PMC Physics B 2010, 3:1 (24 March 2010) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We discuss the squeezing and statistical properties of the light produced by a coherently driven degenerate three-level laser with a parametric amplifier.
		Research article Near-threshold electron-impact excitation of argon studied with the time-of-flight technique Subhendu Mondal, Julian Lower, Stephen J Buckman, Robert P McEachran, Gustavo Garcia, Oleg Zatsarinny, Klaus Bartschat PMC Physics B 2009, 2:3 (18 December 2009) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Absolute angle-differential cross-section data are presented for excitation of the 3p54s manifold in argon by electron impact. The investigation focuses on the near-threshold region, where previous studies have revealed persistent disparities between measurements and theoretical predictions.
		Research article He²⁺-He charge transfer collisions using a 27-state close-coupled calculation with a diabatic molecular basis Chanchal Chaudhuri PMC Physics B 2009, 2:2 (9 June 2009) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary A combined detailed analysis and comparison has been carried out to find a connection with the dynamic two-electron correlation picture in charge transfer collision processes which involve sequential/simultaneous two-electron exchange. If electron translation factors are included, the work may open up opportunities to investigate dynamic two-electron correlation effect in charge transfer ion-atom collision processes with benchmark accuracy.
		Research article Electron excitation and energy transfer rates for H₂O in the upper atmosphere Penny Thorn, Laurence Campbell, Michael Brunger PMC Physics B 2009, 2:1 (2 January 2009) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Presented here are calculations of electron energy transfer rates for electronic and vibrational state excitations in H2O, as well as rates for excitation of some of these states by atmospheric thermal and auroral secondary electrons.
		Research article Magnetic modulation in mechanical alloyed Cr_1.4Fe_0.6O₃oxide RN Bhowmik, M Nrisimha Murty, E Sekhar Srinadhu PMC Physics B 2008, 1:20 (29 December 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Cr1.4Fe0.6O3 compound is synthesized through mechanical alloying of Cr2O3 and Fe2O3 powders and subsequent thermal annealing. The XRD spectrum, SEM picture and microanalysis of EDAX spectrum are used to understand the structural evolution in the alloyed compound.
		Research article Upper critical field H_c2in Bechgaard salts (TMTSF)₂PF₆ Ana D Folgueras, Kazumi Maki PMC Physics B 2008, 1:19 (9 December 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary The symmetry of the superconductivity in Bechgaard salts is still unknown, though the triplet pairing has been established by Hc2 and NMR for (TMTSF)2PF6. Here we start with a low energy effective Hamiltonian and study the temperature dependence of the corresponding Hc2(T)'s.
		Research article Mg spin affects adenosinetriphosphate activity Alexander A Tulub PMC Physics B 2008, 1:18 (4 December 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Schlegel-Frisch ab initio molecular dynamics (ADMP) (DFT:B3LYP), T = 310 K, are used to study complexation between adenosinetriphosphate (ATP), ATP subsystem, and magnesium cofactor [Mg(H2O)6]2+, Mg subsystem, in a water pool modeled with 78 water molecules. The computations prove that ATP cleavage is governed by the electron spin of Mg.
		Research article Effect of biased noise fluctuations on the output radiation of coherent beat laser Sintayehu Tesfa PMC Physics B 2008, 1:17 (1 December 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary The effects of biased noise fluctuations on the degree of squeezing and intensity of radiation both inside and outside the cavity of a one-photon coherent beat laser are presented.
		Research article Evolution of structure of SiO₂nanoparticles upon cooling from the melt Nguyen Xuan Huynh, Vo Van Hoang, Hoang Zung PMC Physics B 2008, 1:16 (30 October 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Evolution of structure of spherical SiO2 nanoparticles upon cooling from the melt has been investigated via Molecular Dynamics simulations under non-periodic boundary conditions. Our results show significant temperature dependence of structure of nanoparticles, and we discuss the temperature dependence of the concentration of structural defects.
		Research article Effect of the applied magnetic field on formation of complex polyaniline films Oleg P Dimitriev, Petro M Lytvyn, Alla P Dimitriyeva, Ostap M Getsko PMC Physics B 2008, 1:15 (21 October 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary It has been found that an applied magnetic field affects the interaction of polyaniline chains with paramagnetic metal ion impurities, and induces formation of magnetically ordered regions in contrast to the reference film of the same composition but prepared under ambient conditions. Correlations are found between the distribution of magnetically ordered regions and peculiarities of the surface relief of a film.
		Research article Rectified voltage induced by a microwave field in a confined two-dimensional electron gas with a mesoscopic static vortex D Schmeltzer, Hsuan Chang PMC Physics B 2008, 1:14 (21 October 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We investigate the effect of a microwave field on a confined two dimensional electron gas containing an insulating region comparable to the Fermi wavelength. A Bosonized formulation of the two dimensional gas in the presence of insulating regions allows us to compute the rectified current. The proposed theory may explain experimental results recently reported by J. Zhang et al.
		Research article Ab-initio calculations of spin tunneling through an indirect barrier Athanasios N Chantis, Titus Sandu, Jialei L Xu PMC Physics B 2008, 1:13 (6 June 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We use a fully relativistic layer Green’s functions approach to investigate spin-dependent tunneling through a symmetric indirect band gap barrier like GaAs/AlAs/GaAs heterostructure. Our calculations show clearly that the appearance of energy windows with significant spin polarization depends mostly on the location of transmission resonances and their corresponding zeros and not on the magnitude of the spin splitting in the barrier.
		Research article Electronic structure, linear, nonlinear optical susceptibilities and birefringence of CuInX₂(X = S, Se, Te) chalcopyrite-structure compounds Ali Reshak, S Auluck PMC Physics B 2008, 1:12 (19 May 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We present results for band structure, density of states, and the imaginary part of the frequency-dependent linear and nonlinear optical susceptibilities for CuInX2 (X=S, Se, Te) chalcopyrite-structure single crystals. We find that these crystals are semiconductors with direct band gaps, and have calculated their birefringence and frequency-dependent complex second-order non-linear optical susceptibilities.
		Research article Synthesis, Infra-red, Raman, NMR and structural characterization by X-ray Diffraction of [C₁₂H₁₇N₂]₂CdCl₄and [C₆H₁₀N₂]₂Cd₃Cl₁₀compounds Iskandar Chaabane, Faouzi Hlel, Kamel Guidara PMC Physics B 2008, 1:11 (8 April 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We report on the synthesis, crystal structure and infra-red, Raman and NMR spectra of 2, 4, 4- trimethyl-4, 5- dihydro-3H-benzo[b] [1, 4] diazepin-1-ium tetrachlorocadmate, [C12H17N2]2CdCl4 and benzene-1,2-diaminium decachlorotricadmate(II) [C6H10N2]2Cd3Cl10.
		Research article Fast and accurate simulations of transmission-line metamaterials using transmission-matrix method Hui Ma, Tie Cui, Jessie Chin, Qiang Cheng PMC Physics B 2008, 1:10 (8 April 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Recently, two-dimensional periodically L and C loaded transmission-line (TL) networks have been applied to represent metamaterials. We propose an efficient transmission-matrix method (TMM) to simulate and analyze the TL-network metamaterials, which provides nearly the same simulation results as Agilent's Advanced Design System whilst greatly reducing model-processing and simulation times.
		Research article Zone center phonons of the orthorhombic RMnO₃(R = Pr, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho) perovskites HC Gupta, Upendra Tripathi PMC Physics B 2008, 1:9 (17 March 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary A short range force constant model (SRFCM) has been applied for the first time to investigate the phonons in RMnO3 (R = Pr, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho) perovskites in their orthorhombic phase.
		Research article Optical second harmonic generation in Yttrium Aluminum Borate single crystals (theoretical simulation and experiment) Ali H Reshak, S Auluck, A Majchrowski, IV Kityk PMC Physics B 2008, 1:8 (17 March 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Experimental measurements of the second order susceptibilities for second harmonic generation are reported for YAl3(BO3)4 (YAB) single crystals. First principles calculations within a framework of the fullpotential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method show a large anisotropy of the linear and nonlinear optical susceptibilities.
		Research article Influence of sintering temperature on resistivity, magnetoresistance and thermopower of La_0.67Ca_0.33MnO₃ G Venkataiah, YK Lakshmi, PV Reddy PMC Physics B 2008, 1:7 (12 March 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary A systematic investigation of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 manganites looks at the influence of varying crystallite size (nano meter range) on electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and thermoelectric power. The metal-insulator transition temperatures are found to increase with increasing sintering temperatures, while the magnetic transition temperatures decrease.
		Research article Evidence of phonon-assisted tunnelling in electrical conduction through DNA molecules Povilas Pipinys, Antanas Kiveris PMC Physics B 2008, 1:6 (19 February 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary We propose a phonon-assisted tunnelling model for explanation of some of the peculiarities of the dependence of the conductivity of DNA molecules on temperature.
		Research article Interface coupling properties and reflection of bulk spin waves from biaxial multilayer ferromagnetic media Sergey A Reshetnyak, Tat'yana A Homenko PMC Physics B 2008, 1:5 (14 February 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary The reflection coefficient of bulk spin waves from multilayer ferromagnetic structure is calculated with a non-ideal coupling between layers. The proposed model gives the opportunity to consider the quality of interfaces when studying the reflection processes of spin waves in multilayer structures.
		Research article Microwave dielectric spectroscopy of pure and mixed aromatic ester solvents Santiago Aparicio, Rafael Alcalde PMC Physics B 2008, 1:4 (12 February 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary The structure and dynamics of pure and mixed liquid aromatic esters is studied through microwave dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Data are analyzed in terms of the proposed different species present in the fluids and their evolution with composition for mixtures, and with temperature and chain length for pure esters.
		Research article Electron cooling by carbon monoxide in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus Laurence Campbell, Michael J Brunger PMC Physics B 2008, 1:3 (4 February 2008) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| Editor’s summary Electron cooling, in which free electrons lose energy to vibrational excitation of gases, has been identified as a significant process in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus for electron impact on CO2. In this paper electron cooling rates for CO are calculated and compared with existing rates for CO2.